Semantic Analysis on Economic Terms Used in Economic

Abstract. In the process of communication with other person, there will be many possibilities of misunderstanding and misinterpreting of the meaning from the language we use. Therefore, understanding meaning is very crucial. To get successful interaction we have to understand both explicit and implicit meaning of the word. Meaning is idea or concept that can be transferred from the speaker’s mind to the hearer by embodying them, as it were, in the form of one language or another. Semantics as one of the linguistic branches is concerns about that. This branch is important and it includes lexical meaning and contextual meaning as the discussion of this thesis.

The problems of this study are: (1) what are the lexical meanings of the economic terms used in economic columns of the Jakarta Post? and (2) what are the contextual meanings of the economic terms used in the economics columns of the Jakarta Post, mean this study aims to investigate semantic study, especially on lexical meaning and contextual meaning found in the Jakarta Post. The lexical meaning is to be interpreted as the meaning of lexemes depending on the meaning of sentences in which they occur. While, contextual meaning is the meaning of words according to the situations in which they are used. Different situations might give sentence different meanings.

The data were obtained from the Jakarta post published on 6th April 2009 until 22nd April 2009 containing 12 articles and 22 economic terms. To analyze the data, this study uses a semantic approach of John Lyons. To comprehend each term analyzed at Economic terms of the Jakarta Post, this study merely uses two kinds of meanings namely lexical meaning and contextual meaning. It used descriptive qualitative method to describe each sentence or each term.

After conducting the study, this study found: 19 terms belong to one-word terms and 3 terms belong to two-word terms. Moreover, it was found that there are 13 economic terms which have different meaning and 9 economic terms which have the same meaning. From this study, it can be concluded that most of the contextual meanings have different Meaning from lexical meanings. Finally, the writer hopes that this study could give contribution for other researchers who are eager to know more about semantics.

Conclusions. Based on the result of the study in chapter IV, and after analyzing all sentences as the examples, the writer concludes that:

1. There are many English words which are used as economic terms, such as leverage, demanded, auction, slump, mortgage, and so on.

2. After the writer analyzed the use of some economic terms in the sentences, she finds out the key of understanding the economic terms.

The meaning of some economic terms are quiet different from the lexical meaning. She also concludes that most of the meanings of economic terms are based on the context of the sentences.

For example:

Bonds

Lexically, the word “bonds” means a force or feeling that joins together people or groups.

For example: Indonesia has good bonds with every countries in the world.

Contextually, based in economy the word “bonds” means some written promise to pay to bond holder, debts and are issued for a period of more than one year. A bond is an interest-bearing security issued by governments, companies and some other organizations. Bonds are an alternative way for the issuer to raise capital to selling shares or taking out a bank loan. Like shares in listed companies, once they have been issued bonds may be traded on the open

market. A bond’s yield is the interest rate (or coupon) paid on the bond divided by the bond’s market price. Bonds are regarded as a lower risk investment. Government bonds, in particular, are highly unlikely to miss their promised payment. Corporate bonds issued promised payments. Corporate bonds issued by blue-chip “investment grade” companies are also unlikely to default; this might not be the case with high-yield “junk” bonds issued by firms with less healthy financials.

For example: Finance Minister Kaoru Yosano said the government will sell more than 10 trillion yen in bonds to pay for the spending, adding to a debt burden that is already the largest in the industrialized world.

Leverage

Lexically, the meaning of leverage is the relationship between the amount of money that a company owes and the value of its shares. Contextually, based in economy the word leverage is the use of debt financing, or property of rising or falling at a proportionally greater amount than comparable investment. For example an option is said to have high leverage compared to the underlying stock because a given price change in the stock may result in a greater increase or decrease in the value of the option. Also, commonly known as Gearing in Europe.

From the explanation above the lexical meaning and contextual meaning are different.

Suggestion. Through the study of this thesis, the writer would like to state that this thesis is not supposed to be the last study on the economic terms. It should be realized that languages always develop as long as the society who uses these languages develop them as well.

There are still many more economic terms that are not discussed in this thesis. It is quite possible that there will be more new words created to refer to new invented terms. Therefore, the writer suggests to the linguistic students of Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang to investigate the meanings of those terms from linguistic points of view. It will be very useful for them to enrich the vocabulary. By this study, it develops their knowledge not only in linguistics but also in sciences like medical science which has more than one term.

Finally, the writer’s suggestion in her thesis is not proposed only for the writer herself but also for all students and other readers who will conduct their thesis. She suggests that the other writers can complete this thesis by conducting a similar study on different topics.

writer and researcher: Nikmatillah, Luluk

years of research: 2009

native title:

A Semantic Analysis on Economic Terms Used in Economic Columns of the Jakarta Post

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The Grotesque Characteristics In Flannery O’connor’s Novel Wise Blood

Abstract. Literature must be always interesting; it must have a structure and an aesthetic purpose, a total coherence and effect, and it must stand in recognizable relation to life (Rene Wellek, 1956: 212). Literature must give the readers pleasure and knowledge, and can add their intellectual. In literature, we can find three genres. One of the literary genre, prose, is often classified into some other forms, such as novel, romance, short story, and biography.
The novel, as Richard Taylor says in his book Understanding the Element of Litarature (1981: 46), is the modern or living form of narrative fiction which often shares constructional features, subject matter and themes derived from the epic, romance, allegory and satire, it remains distinctively separates from them. One sub-form of novel, gothic is very popular from the 1760s onwards until the 1820s. Gothic has had a considerable influence on fiction since (still apparent in the 1990s) and is of much importance in the evolution of the ghost story and the horror story. Most Gothic novels are prose forms that contain horror stories or tales of mystery, intended to chill the spine and curdle the blood.
As a subgenre of Gothic style, Southern Gothic could be considered as a style of writing practiced by many writers of the American South whose stories set in that region are characterized by grotesque, macabre, or fantastic incidents (http://en wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Gothic). Like its parent genre, it relies on supernatural, ironic, or unusual events to guide the plot.

Conclusion. Having done my analysis, I come to the conclusion that firstly the grotesque characteristics are reflected in Flannery O’Connor’s Wise Blood. The main character, Hazel Motes is pictured as an absurd man. Hazel preaches that there is no heaven or hell, and it shows us that life is meaningless for him. Hazel isolates himself from God and does not believe in society’s norm or law. Hazel is also described as a violent person for he is impolite to everyone he meets and kills someone who imitates him. O'Connor gives Enoch Emery, another character in Wise Blood, the monster quality by changing him into Gonga the gorilla, an animal form. Enoch also does evil and gross things, just like a monster that always related to the evil things. Hazel’s irony is that where he started out preaching the Church without Christ he ends up with Christ without a church.
Secondly, the usage of grotesque in this novel is the Southern grotesque. The setting and characters pictured in the novel are taken from the South. As a native of Georgia and a Roman Catholic, O’Connor depicts, in its entire comic and horrendous incongruity, the symbols, and the mysteries of divine grace in the “Christ haunted” Protestant South.
Third, the usage of anti-Christ symbol is found in this novel. Number 666 is one of the symbols that O'Connor uses which symbolizes of the anti-Christ. The last, Wise Blood is a comic novel for it provides a fool or comic figure that gives people pleasure and laughter when they compare themselves to the figure. It is also comic because it has contradictions, conflicts, and incongruity. The contradictions can be found when he wants to seduce Sabbath Lily Hawks but he does not want to, or when he wears a preacher’s suit and hat but he does not want others think that he is a preacher. As the main character, Hazel Motes faces external and internal conflicts. Besides having conflict with him, Hazel also has conflict with people around him. It is incongruous that Asa Hawks pretends to blind without any purpose or result he gets.

Suggestion. I would like to suggest the readers to read the novel Wise Blood to understand more clearly about what it is discussed here. Reading the novel, not only the summary will help the readers to get the ideas of this thesis.
I also want to suggest the readers to make a comparison between this novel and other novel from different country so the readers know about different characteristics of grotesque found in their novels and also know about their culture.
Finally, as there are still many grotesque characteristics that are presented by Flannery O’Connor such as: abnormal, strange, fantastic, exaggeration, etc, I suggest the readers to analyze it further based on intrinsic and extrinsic approaches.

writer and researcher: Melyana

years of research: 2007

native title:

The Analysis Of The Grotesque Characteristics In Flannery O’connor’s Novel Wise Blood

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Effects Of Pre-Questioning On The Reading Comprehension Achievement Of Students

Abstract This study were conducted to investigate the effect of Pre-questioning on the Reading Comprehension Achievement of the Second Grade Students at SMAN-2 Jekan Raya Palangkaraya, to investigate the effects of students’ gender on the reading comprehension achievement of the second grade students at SMAN-2 Jekan Raya Palangkaraya, and to investigate the effects of pre-questioning and students gender on the reading comprehension achievement of the second grade students at SMAN-2 Jekan Raya Palangkaraya in academic year 2006/2007. The forms of questions were in multiple choice and essay, multiple choice used for reading comprehension tests and essay used for Pre-questioning tests. There were sixty-eight of second grade students of IPS classes at SMAN-2 Jekan Raya in academic year 2006/2007 as the sample on this study.
The writer used factorial experimental method in this study. The data were processed and analyzed according to these steps: taking the data, coding, scoring, tabulating using SPSS version 13 and taking the conclusion based on the statistic result.
The result of this study shows that “the Pre-questioning has a significant effect on the students’ reading comprehension achievement”, “the students’ gender has no a significant effect on the students’ reading comprehension achievement”, and “there is no interaction effect between pre-questioning and students’ gender”.
In this study the experimental class (the treatment using pre-questioning) has a better ability in comprehend the text than control class. It can be seen from the mean score and the result of two way of ANOVA.

Conclusion. Based on the result of this study, the writer can answer the problem of the study that has been stated in Chapter I, they are as follows:
•    What is the effect of treatment with pre-questioning on the Reading Comprehension Achievement of the Second Grade Students of IPS classes at SMAN-2 Jekan Raya Palangkaraya in Academic year 2006/2007?
•    What is the effect of the student’s gender with treatments on the reading comprehension achievement of the second grade students of IPS classes at SMAN-2 Jekan Raya Palangkaraya in academic year 2006/2007?
•    What is the effect of treatments and student’s gender on the reading comprehension achievement of the second grade students of IPS classes at SMAN-2 Jekan Raya Palangkaraya in academic year 2006/2007?
From the result of data analysis, it can be answered that:
•    There is significant effect of treatment with pre-questioning on the reading comprehension achievement of the second grade students of IPS classes at SMAN-2 Jekan Raya Palangkaraya.
•    There is no significant effect of the student’s gender with treatments on the reading comprehension achievement of the second grade students of IPS classes of SMAN-2 Jekan Raya Palangkaraya
•    There is no significant effect of treatments and student’s gender on the reading comprehension achievement of the second grade students of IPS classes at SMAN-2 Jekan Raya Palangkaraya
There are some intervening variables that can influence the result of this study. They are as follow:
•    Students’ prior knowledge
•    Learning style of the students
•    Background education of the teacher
•    Social economic of the students

Suggestion. Considering the result of this study, the writer would like to give some suggestions. They are as follows:
1.    It is important for the teacher to improve the students’ comprehension in reading text by giving any assignment or home work, especially the question in form of main idea and supporting detail, which is regarded more difficult for the students.
2.    It hoped that the teacher teach the reading comprehension from the easiest to the most difficult one.
3.  The teacher should build a favorable atmosphere at times of teaching-learning process conducted, because a conductive condition in teaching would become one access to carry the success of material to be taught.
4.    It is necessary to another researcher conduct a further research, in order to validate the result of this study.
Finally, the writer considers that this study still need validation from the next researcher that has the same topic with this study

writer and researcher: Mahdalena, Leny

years of research: 2007

native title:

Effects of Pre-questioning on the reading comprehension achievement of the second grade students at SMAN-2 Jekan Raya in academic year 2006/2007

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An Analysis Sandra Brown’s Novel Where There’s Smoke

Abstract. This is the result of An Analysis of the Main Characters’ Hatred Depicted in Sandra Brown’s Novel, “Where There’s Smoke”. This analysis shows that Jody hates Lara because she knows Lara is the woman who makes her son’s carrier, Clark, in political down. Jody also hates her son, Key, because Keyis the same as her husband who always makes love adventure to all women whom he like, so it is makes her hate Key so much. Lara’s hatred to her husband occurred as her husband is the cause of their daughter’s death. Her husband is too ambitious to be a hero for his country, America.

Conclusion. After doing the analysis about the main characters’ hatred depicted in Sandra brown’s novel, it can be concluded that hatred can be occur whenever, wherever and for whomever even to our family. Hatred sometimes brings us to express our haltered to the very close person to us.
 It is shown in this analysis, Lara, one of the main characters in this novel, wants to shoot Randal because her hatred to him. She wants to shoot him because her daughter has died as the effect of Randal’s plan to come back to America as the hero. While Jody, the mother of Key, she never shows her love to Key because when Key is born, her husband does not give her presents, and besides it, Key is the same as her husband who always makes adventure of love to many girl. Every Key’s present to her, she never accepts.

Suggestions. Based on the analysis of the novel, the writer wants to give suggestion to the readers, they are:
1.    It is suggested that the reader should not hate our family because they are the part of our life. To solve the problem it is better to makes share about what the problem is.
2.    It is suggested that the readers should find as soon as possible the cause of the problem that makes us hate to them and how to solve it immediately because haltered will bring us into disaster.
3.    It is suggested that the readers should calm down or patient when someone hurts us in order to control our because when it is happened everything can be uncontrolled.

writer and researcher: Abdul Muis

years of research: 2008

native title:

An Analysis of the Main Characters’ Hatred Depicted in Sandra Brown’s Novel, “Where There’s Smoke”

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The Purpose of Marriage for Women as Shown in Emma

Abstract thesis:  The Purpose of Marriage for Women as Shown in Emma.

There are so many theories state about the close relationship between literary work and social reality. Literary work is the inheritance of its time and environment. This statement means that as explained before, literature can not be separated from the place and the environment it was created. Arthur Golden, a novelist from America was able to create a story about Geisha that is a Japanese traditional courtesan because he has stayed in Japan for a long time. That is why sociological approach is very much right and relevant in analyzing a work of literature. This also occurred in Emma by Jane Austen. The story that happened in the novel is actually a reflection of social phenomena in England at that time.

This research is conducted based on two statements of the problem. are to identify the purposes of marriage shown in Emma and to know the role of Emma in some marriage event.

This research design in this study is a descriptive qualitative research. In descriptive research, the result of the analysis is not mentioned in number of coefficient of cause of effect relationship but in words or phrases. And the research studied is designed to obtain the information concerning the current status of phenomenon and is directed toward determining of the nature of situation as if in the time of study.

Based on the result of the analysis, the thesis writer finds the following results. Firstly, women have some consideration before accepting a man to be her husband as shown in Emma. Good income is the first consideration, and then the second consideration is social status. A woman who has had high social status does not think too much about marriage because getting married or not, she has been respected by her society surround her. This happened to Emma. In the beginning she decided not to get married because she has passed her days in happiness, and she will in charge of her father’s household. Finally, she gets married to a man of equal social status. Secondly, Emma actually has an important role in the occurrence of marriage because she always has judgment in every weeding planning.

The thesis writer also has some suggestions. First, it is suggested that other researchers try to analyze the other aspects from Emma that has a relationship with women studies. Second, in accordance with this study, it is advisable to conduct a study on the psychological aspects. And the last, it is expected that this study can be used for reference in conducting and broadening the same field or the other fields.

writer and researcher: Purbaningrum, Juang Sapta

years of research: 2007

native title:

The Purpose of Marriage for Women as Shown in Emma

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Analysis of Main Characters Personality in Grisham's The Bleachers

Abstract thesis:  Analysis of Main Characters Personality in Grisham's The Bleachers.

Personality is one of the concepts that are familiar to everyone but it is difficult to define. Personality is defined as a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world (Santrock: 477).

This study is aimed at analyzing the main characters personality based on Maslow's personality theory. It is theory about human basic needs, there are: physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, the esteem needs and self actualization needs.

It is a descriptive research because the writer describes certain condition, nature of phenomena of an object of a study. In this study the writer is the key research instrument in analyzing the data. The data are taken from the novel. The statements of the problems are: (1) what are the main characters personalities of The Bleachers and (2) How is the personality aspects of the main characters expressed in The Bleachers. To answer those two statements of the problems the theory of personality is really needed.

The other is chapter three in which the writer explains about the research method or in another word, it is the way the writer conducts her study of the novel. It begins from how the data are collected, observed and systematically arranged. The writer analyzes the novel based on literary criticism which uses psychological approach. Literary psychology is a study of literature which is considers a work as psychological activity (Suwardi, 2003; 96).

The following step is chapter four, in which the results of the discussion are presented. In here, the characteristic of the main characters personality of the novel is exposed and then known.

The last chapter is chapter five which contains the conclusion of the result of the discussion about the personality of the main character. There are a number of innate needs that active the behavior of the main character of the novel. However the esteem needs is dominant in Neely Crenshaw. He is very scared of people reaction when he can not play football anymore. On one side he wants to be strong and confidence with his physical condition after he got accident. Finally, the writer may pray that this will be very useful point to conduct the following research.

writer and researcher: Tanti, Fristida Yusviya

years of research: 2007

native title:

An Analysis of Main Characters Personality in Grisham's The Bleachers

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Oppressions of Women in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen

 Abstract thesis:  The Oppressions of Women in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen

Here the study confines the analysis about oppression of women and their struggle to fight against the oppressions in their life in social aspect of Pride and Prejudice. The data source is from Pride and Prejudice novel by Jane Austen. The researcher uses literary criticism as the research design to conduct the research. Literary research is a research design that directly related to the literary work from perspective of the study. For specific literary criticism, this research uses feminist literary criticism that uses feminist perspective as the point of research design. The feminist literary criticism is a theory based on feminist theory that says that all men and women are equal in many sides.

The data collection technique is reading and understanding from whole story related to the focus of research. It takes some steps, those are selecting and identifying the data related to research problems. Before selecting and identifying the data the researcher read and get understanding the whole story of novel. Data Analysis is started from interpretation and evaluation of literary works.

From this novel, the researcher finds there is much oppression of women. The oppressions of women in this novel are: subordination of woman, domestic education, marriage destination and for psychological oppression: psychological violence. This research is not only discussing about the oppressions of women but also the women’s struggle to fight against the oppression in their life. On this discussion the researcher gives analyzes about the destiny of marriage as the fights for social oppression and fights for psychological oppression by using her body and mind.

writer and researcher: Lutfiah, Rohmatul

years of research: 2008

native title:

The Oppressions of Women in Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen

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Influence of Conflict to Jerilee’s Character Development in Harold Robbins’ The Lonely Lady

Abstract thesis:  Influence of Conflict to Jerilee’s Character Development in Harold Robbins

Conflict is a contradiction between two persons, each of which has his own idea or principle. Conflict is an important element in the novel. It is intensified through a phrase of rising action and compilation until crisis brings climax. Conflict that occurs can influence and change one’s character. Character development bringing the characters to live in the reader mind. They can range from thumbnail sketches to deep, wordy, highly detailed biographies of each character. It is important to note that different genres and stories require different types of character development.

This study is aimed or answering the following three research problems and gain better understanding on the content of the novel. The first is what the original character of Jerilee is. The second is what are Jerilee’s conflicts. And the last is how does the conflicts influence Jerilee’s character. The objectives of this study are based on three items. First of all to identify the original character of Jerilee. The second is to explain Jerilee’s conflicts. The third is to describe how the conflicts influence Jerilee’s character.

The research design used in this study is descriptive qualitative research. This is used because there is no treatment as in experimental research describes or interprets what exist with respect to condition in a situation, describes the original character of Jerilee, type of Jerilee’s conflict, and how the conflicts influence Jerilee’s character.

The result of this study shows that the original character of Jerilee is creative, realistic, decorous, and honest. Five types of Jerilee’s conflicts are psychological conflict, physical conflict, social conflict, environmental conflict, and moral conflict. Some conflict like free sex, alcohol and drugs influence her become anxious, depression and lonely. But then she realizes it and growing up becomes mature woman, independent, and enthusiastic in reaching her dreams as an author.

writer and researcher: Hudaifah, Anik

years of research: 2006

native title:

“The Influence of Conflict to Jerilee’s Character Development in Harold Robbins’ The Lonely Lady.”

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Political aspects reflected in Julius Caesar

Abstract thesis:  Political aspects reflected in Julius Caesar

One of the ways to express and explore the desire such as: experience, imagination and feeling is using literature. It means that literature is a way of human to express their experience, imagination and feeling for some purposes. Social and politics are great ideas that influence literary works. Cultural massage and political aspects can be decoded in ways that allow the readers to think resistant about their lives.

The Tragedy of Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare was written in 1599. Julius Caesar was the earliest of Shakespeare's three roman historical plays. From the above fact, the writer is interested in conducting a research on some political aspects in Julius Caesar. The aims of the study are to identify and understand some political aspects and the way how the society gives the response to those political aspects used in Julius Caesar.

Based on above description, the writer wants to answer the following problems: (1) What are the political aspects used in Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Julius Caesar? (2) How does the society give respond to the political aspects described in The Tragedy of Julius Caesar?

This research is literary criticism because this study concerns with analyzing, interpreting, and evaluating works of literature. It applies the structural approach as a method to analyze the novel, because structuralism is viewing literary work as an autonomic text. This approach is used to find out the intrinsic aspect in the novel that reflected in the play. The research uses an intrinsic method, which attempts to interpret literature in the term of its contents and its internal sources.

From the analysis of this study, the writer gets description that political aspects consist of (1) Power, describing political power grabbing among the main character in play, as the component in the cause of Caesar murder, (2) Conflict, as the result of the political power treat, and (3) Decision making, describing the making of decision related to people which can lead to civil war.

The respond of the people varies. The respond is mainly as the reaction to the Caesar’s murder. It is in searching which one is right, the conspirator or the counter-conspirator. The conclusion of the study is that the people respond the Caesar’s murder in such ways. They are who agree with the Caesar's murder and who don't. Those who agree think that the tyranny is dead, the dictator is dead, and the treat to the Republic is dead. But those who don't agree think that Caesar is not to murdered, he is wrongly murdered, yet his death result instability to Rome.

Finally the writer hopes that there will be more students who are interested in analyzing this work in different concerns.

writer and researcher: Lutfiyatu Umami

years of research: 2007

native title:

Political aspects reflected in Julius Caesar

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Social Criticism on the Cultures of American Families

Abstract thesis:  A Social Criticism on the Cultures of American Families

Literary works cannot be separated from people’s life. Moreover, literature has many functions. One of them is to be a mediator to show some hidden facts in the society trough the literary works. It is claimed as the best way to show the portrait of the facts occur, because it has no limit to explore, improve, describe, and increase the values in the society, and literary works, commonly, be based on the very free point of view of the men of letter to compose their works, and it makes literature unhampered from any kinds of values.

Movie, as the work of literature has the function depend on its viewers. It can be, only, an entertainer for the viewers’ byte interesting content of story, criticism of the fact in the place and time where the movie is set, including the cultures, education, governmental system, and other kinds of social problem or matter taken as the theme in the movie. In other hand, a movie can explore and tell the viewers the real life, that may people have not known yet. And off course, this description is only an argument and a judgment of the movie maker to the life in the setting, as both, a member of the society and as a man of letter. But it is very common that the movies are made as the portrait of the real life condition of a current society.

The facts above are possibly true, related to the function of literature as mediator to explain the life in the literary works. It mirrors any kinds of social matters and problems based on the different point of view of man of letters and, off course; it may bring and create the different description too, even taken from the same object. It based what the point of each man of letter is focused on.

This research is all about the movie Edge of Seventeen, which tells and mirror the social condition of society in Ohio, United States of America in 1980s, and the researcher here catches the social problems in the cultures of its families.

As the result of this study, the writer presents some proves that the current customs and cultures of American families, related to the behaviors and family’s policies, create some negative and bad effects to the children as the next generation. There are some negative things found actually, but this study focused on the very dominant effects; it is homosexuality as the deviated behavior of the main character, Eric.

writer and researcher: Suparman

years of research: 2007

native title:

Edge of Seventeen, A Social Criticism on the Cultures of American Families

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Feminist Perspective of Marriage Reflected in Danielle Steels Bittersweet

Abstract thesis:  Feminist Perspective of Marriage Reflected in Danielle Steels Bittersweet

Literature can be seen as a reflection of life. Sometimes we can experience the world through our imagination, though we might never have a chance to do. By reading a novel, we may acquire amusement that will lead us to know perception of beauty and make us sensitive to artistic work in general.

This research is conducted to find out the characters feminist perspective of marriage reflecting in Bittersweet By Danielle Steel and the violence against women in marriage reflected in the Bittersweet. Feminism it self has many field to be discussed however, this research only analyze the relation between feminism perspective and their view about marriage for women.

In this research, the researcher used literary criticism as her research design to conduct the research. Because literary criticism is the only research design that is directly related to the literary works and these researches studied are designed to obtain the information concerning the current status of phenomenon and are directed toward determining of the nature of situation as if in the time of study.

Based on the result of the analysis, the writer finds that actually in Bittersweet there are many scenes that a woman in household still intimidated or pressured by man to stay in domestic area that is home. Woman forbid to work out side as a career woman. Even a woman who had a career journey before married, she has to quit it. From feminism character many characters suggest that a woman actually still has her right to decide her choice, weather want to continue her career or not after getting married and many discrimination, violent and suppression against woman occurred in local environment that is home. From this research, the researcher hopes that the readers can catch the novel’s message given by the author especially about feminism and the other researcher who focuses on this topic about the feminist perspective can analyze wider and deeper research. This study is very limited and far from the perfection, so that the researcher hopes that the next researcher can give more attention to this topic.

writer and researcher: Eliana, Mas

years of research: 2007

native title:

Feminist Perspective of Marriage Reflected in Danielle Steels Bittersweet

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Analysis on the Autobiographical of Charles Dickens' David Copperfield

Abstract thesis:  Analysis on the Autobiographical Aspects of Charles Dickens' David Copperfield.

An autobiographical novel is a novel which is based on the life of the author. While the events of the author’s life are recounted, there is no pretense of neutrality or even exact truth. Events may be reported in the way the author wishes they had been with enemies which are more complete than perhaps they actually were. Charles Dickens’ David Copperfield is categorized in into an autobiographical novel.

In this case, the researcher is interested in analyzing one of popular autobiographical novels, i.e. David Copperfield by Charles Dickens, one of the great English novelists of the Victorian era. She is analysis on its autobiographical aspects. She chooses this because the same book said that David Copperfield is Dickens’ autobiography fiction and this novel is Dickens’ favorite novel.

Then, this research is aimed at finding the aspects of David Copperfield which reflects Charles Dickens’ autobiography and the fictional aspects of David Copperfield compared to the life of Charles Dickens. The researcher limits this study by emphasizing more on the family background, education, childhood experience, love affair, and career of David as the reflection of Dickens’ life.

To give clear description of how this study is conducted the researcher uses literary criticism as her research design in the novel David Copperfield by Charles Dickens. She uses biographical approach. Biographical approach is a systematic study concerning process of creativity. Subject creator is deemed as the history of literary work. The meaning of literature is the same as the aim, purpose, instruction, and special objective of the author.

Furthermore, the researcher finds that several comparable incidents about the similarities between the life of Charles Dickens and David Copperfield particularly on the family background that is Mr. Micawber’s imprisonment at King Bench Prison, David’s education is run by a cruel Mr. Creakle at Salem House Academy, David’s childhood experience as washing and labeling bottles at Murdstone and Grinby warehouse, David’s love affair with Dora, and David’s career as a clerk. Dickens uses David Copperfield as a medium to look back over his own life although he avoided using actual names, by making up the scenery and names of the people in his fiction. From a comparison of the two stories we can learn about Dickens himself, and in creating David Copperfield as a fictional autobiography. Of course, David Copperfield is not Charles Dickens, nor is David Copperfield precisely the story of Dickens’ own life. David Copperfield is unusual only because it seems to copy some of the events and character of Charles Dickens’ life very closely.

writer and researcher: Fatimah, Siti

years of research: 2007

native title:

An Analysis on the Autobiographical Aspects of Charles Dickens' David Copperfield

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Oedipus complex of Paul Morel and Its Relation to the Conflicts in D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers

Abstract thesis:  Oedipus complex of Paul Morel and Its Relation to the Conflicts in D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers

Literature cannot be separated from human life. Usually people who read the literature works have much kind of reasons, such as just for enjoyment, studying human life, or research. By reading literature, people can get knowledge about human life, human’s way of thinking, and even history since most of literary works reflect the life, thought, feeling and emotion of human soul. It gives us valuable lessons of life and it can enrich our sense of humanity.

There are many kinds of literary works, such as novel, poem, short story, and drama. This thesis attempts to analyze one of literary works that is novel. Novel usually concerns about human being and through the story, it often gives us messages. The author works on the characters and brings them to the real life. The novel being studied is Sons and Lovers written by D. H. Lawrence. This study focused on the main character, Paul Morel that was presumed getting Oedipus complex. The analysis was divided into two parts. First was how is Oedipus complex on Paul Morel and second how does Oedipus complex influenced Paul Morel’s love life conflict.

The data source of this thesis was the novel Sons and Lovers by D. H. Lawrence. The data were all dialogues, descriptions, explanations, and comments available in the novel, concerning with Paul Morel’s personality and also the conflict that was faced by Paul Morel.

How to obtain the data; the researcher did some activities, such as reading and observing the novel. The data was in the form of dialogues, descriptions, explanations, and comments of the novel. Then the data was analyzed using the psychoanalysis theory, especially the Oedipus complex concept in personality development by Sigmund Freud. Then conflicts which were faced by Paul Morel were also analyzed. Finally, the last procedure was drawing conclusions.

From the analysis, it was found out that: (1) Paul Morel suffered Oedipus complex. It was caused by traumatic event when he was still a child, unconscious love by his parent, especially his mother to him, the absence of one parent although it was not real absence because his father never stood in his life. Besides, the social status of his parent also altered the particular form of Oedipus; (2) The Oedipus complex on Paul Morel influenced his love life conflict. Paul Morel always failed to make relationship with any other women; because he could never live without his mother’s love. They always tied up tightly each other like a lover.

Based on the result of this analysis, the researcher suggests to those related in this study including the common readers, the students of literature, the literature learners, and the next researchers. It recommended that literature should be more widely read and studied. Then literature also should be studies merely using literary theory but also with the help of other knowledge and theories. And to the next researchers, since the related images have not been found yet, it is suggested that later studies will pay more attention to them.

writer and researcher: Widiyastuti, Lia

years of research: 2007

native title:

Oedipus complex of Paul Morel and Its Relation to the Conflicts in D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers

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Floating in the drama The Death of a Salesman

Abstract thesis:  Flouting Maxims on Grice’s maxims in the drama “The Death of a Salesman”

 

Communication needs the effectiveness and efficiency of delivering contribution of information thesis easier for the speaker and the hearer. That is way, Grice offers to use the theory of cooperative principles to avoid misunderstanding and misinterpretation between the speaker and the hearer, which consists of maxim, a basic assumption and it can be changed. There are four maxims, namely maxims of quality, quantity, manner, and relevance.

Flouting is analyzed in this study because the maxims are violated and overtly broken. It also causes the sentences have some implied meanings and sometimes it is difficulty to understand because the information is more or less informative. The research problem in this thesis is how the maxim of quantity, quality, relevance, and manner flouted in the drama of “ The Death of a Salesman”.

A descriptive qualitative method is used because the data are explained descriptively. The data are taken from the utterance of dialogue from drama that consists of two acts and 111 pages.

After the data identified and analyzed, it was founds that all of the four flouting maxims can be found. The maxims were maxim of quality, quantity, relevance, and manner. In this drama, the utterance flouting maxim of quantity is too long. Meanwhile, the contribution maxim of quality is absurd. Flouting maxim of relevance happens when the speaker says unrelated topic, and the flouting maxim of manner that the speaker says is evoking curiosity, and it disorders the utterance.

Finally, it is suggested that this study will be continued by the futures researcher. So far, people have tended to study literature from the aesthetic values (as literary criticism). This study also serves an example of how applied linguistics by using Grice’s maxims can be used to analyze literature. Then, the English teachers are suggested to pay attention to the significance of flouting in all kinds of communication to enrich the students’ knowledge on the parts of discourse. It is also suggested to further researchers to study linguistics in different objects.

writer and researcher: Nailufah, Yuyun

years of research: 2001

native title:

Flouting Maxims on Grice’s maxims in the drama “The Death of a Salesman”

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Analysis on the Overstatements in the Headlines of The Jakarta Post

Abstract thesis:  Analysis on the Overstatements in the Headlines of The Jakarta Post

This study focuses on analyzing the headlines of The Jakarta Post using Grice maxim which specified on the rhetorical strategy, namely overstatement. Overstatement is exaggerated statement which it is more imperative. The headline as the core of information in the form of sentence or utterance and the messages are conveyed implicitly. Based on the background, the research about An Analysis on the overstatements in the headlines of The Jakarta Post was conducted with the following problems: (1) How are the overstatements found in the headlines of The Jakarta Post? And (2) How are the maxims of quality and quantity flouted found in the headlines of The Jakarta Post?

This research was conducted using descriptive qualitative method based on Grice maxim. The data were in forms of sentences from the headlines of The Jakarta Post. The data were selected from the headlines of The Jakarta Post published from February 1 to February 29, 2008.

After the data obtained and analyzed, it is found that the maxims were flouted when the maxims are overtly broken by the journalist and the headlines were written by using the rhetorical strategy, namely overstatement. In addition, it is found that most of the data were flouting maxims, especially the maxims of quality and quantity. These used in the sentences which had some implied meanings. The sentences were often stated briefly or expressed in exaggeration which was classified as overstatement.

There were also some words from the data that were inclination to exaggerated sentence. The most words exaggerated on a verb in those utterances which function as the predicate. Beside that, it was found that there were some data exaggerated on an adjective which function as the negative meaning. Also, it was found that some data exaggerated on a noun which functions as the object, and some data exaggerated on a noun which functions as the subject.

Based on those findings, it is recommended for the journalists to consider or comprehend the rhetorical strategy particularly the overstatement when they write the headlines in order to make their utterances more efficient and will be understood easily. English teachers are suggested to pay attention to the significance of the overstatements in all kinds of communication to enrich the student’s knowledge on the parts of discourse. It is also suggested for further researchers to use the other subjects of study, such as the utterances found on sport news or opinion column, to conduct the same field of research.

writer and researcher: Munadhifah, Siti

years of research: 2008

native title:

An Analysis on the Overstatements in the Headlines of The Jakarta Post

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Postcolonial Analysis On Novel Robinson Crusoe

Abstract thesis:  Postcolonial Analysis On Novel Robinson Crusoe

Colonization is a process when one group cannot determine themselves and another group dominates them. The phenomenon of colonization does not happen only in real life but also in written fiction. The example of colonization in the real life is colonization that has done by Dutch to Indonesian people. While, colonization could be found in economics, politics, education, culture and literary work. Daniel Defoe as an English novelist writes colonization process in his novel “Robinson Crusoe”.

Related to the phenomenon above, this research aims to answer two following questions; the first is how the colonization reflected in Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe, and second is how the dominant power dominated the colonized people.

This research is a descriptive qualitative research. The data source of this study is the novel Robinson Crusoe by Daniel Defoe. The data of this study are all sentences in the form of written dialogues, monologues and expression, which are collected from novel Robinson Crusoe. The steps of data collection are reading and understanding the text, picking up the data dealing with the problems, selecting and classifying the data that were related with the problem of the study. To analyze the data, he presented the data, interpreted the data, evaluated and drew the conclusion.

Based on the findings and discussion of the data, it is concluded that there are colonization that are reflected in Daniel Defoe’s novel Robinson Crusoe. The major character has been the major colonizer. Hegemony of Robinson Crusoe was huge. He could determine everything around him in order to be appropriate for his business. There are many ways to dominate “silent other” that are used by the major character, Robinson Crusoe. Hey are controlling communication channel, confiscated proprietary right, and giving a pseudo positive pleasure.

The researcher hopes that this research can give a new contribution to the readers, especially the students who are interested in postcolonial discourse. Furthermore, it is hoped for further researchers to conduct the research, which not only focuses on reflection of colonization but also on the other aspect of postconsonantal.

writer and researcher: Zubair, Agus Maimun

years of research: 2005

native title:

A Postcolonial Analysis On Novel Robinson Crusoe
By Daniel Defoe

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Discourse analysis on the Deixis Used in Cover Story Section

 Abstract thesis:  A Discourse analysis on the Deixis Used in “Cover Story Section

One of the elements of discourse studies is deixis. Deixis makes discourse easier and more effective, giving us a means to pass more information in less time.“Deixis” is derived from the Greek word meaning “to show” or “to indicate”. It is used to denote those element in language which for directly to the situation.

There are some reasons the researcher chooses this topic because the Global Finance is a magazine which used English in Indonesia, so it can be easily and effectively becoming the object of research, especially to analyze the use of deixis.

The problems of this study are what kinds of deixis are used in the Cover Story Section of The Global Finance and how the meaning of deixis expressed in the Cover Story Section of The Global Finance? The researcher limits this research in analyzing the deixis type used by the writer/journalist in the Cover Story Section of The Global Finance.

In analyzing Global Finance as the object, the research uses qualitative method because it
analyzes and interprets Global Finance as the object. The step to obtain the data is by describing the sources of data from as the source of data, conducting and analyzing the collected data and make conclusion.

The deixis used in Global Finance magazines are included into three types of deixis, namely: person deixis, place deixis, and time deixis. The third person deixis is used mostly, especially the singular forms.The first and second person deixis are not found in cover story section, In addition the place deixis is used to describe a certain location of a participant in the speech event. The time deixis is used to show temporal time or dertain timewhen the event is used in the utterance. Furthermore, discourse and social deixis can not be found in cover story section.

Finally, the researcher expects this study could give contribution for the other researchers
who are eager to know more about deixis. Moreover Deixis as an important branch of linguistics is interesting to be studied especially in applied linguistics.

writer and researcher: Puji Lestari, Fitria

years of research: 2008

native title:

A Discourse analysis on the Deixis Used in “Cover Story
Section” Published by “Global Finance”

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The Teaching of Reading

Abstract thesis:  The Teaching of Reading at SLTP Negeri 2 Ngimbang Lamongan

As the first foreign language, English becomes a compulsory subject in schools. The students should learn four major skills. Those are listening, speaking, reading and writing. Even though reading is not the first priority in curriculum 2004, it does not mean that reading is not important. It is important as a means of developing second language competence (Kraste, 1993). Many experts say that by using the power of reading, we could improve the student's vocabulary and grammar. Then, their listening, speaking and writing will be getting better.

Because of the importance of teaching reading, the writer would like to conduct a study, "Teaching Reading at SLTP Negeri 2 Ngimbang Lamongan". In this cage, she formulated two statements of the problems in her thesis : (l) How does the teacher of the second year students of SLTP Negeri 2 Ngimbang Lamoagan teach reading ? and (2) What problems are found in teaching and learning reading?

The writer took the teacher and the second year students of SLTPN 2 Ngimbang Lamongan as the subject of the study. She conducted a case study and used an observation checklist was to 'observe how the teacher taught reading including the techniques he used and the interaction between the teacher and the students. The interview guideline was used to notice the problems he faced in teaching reading. After collecting the data, she analyzed the data by using descriptive analysis.

From the observations, the writer found out that the teacher did three stage in teaching reading called pre reading, whilst reading, and post reading stage. In pre reading stage, he focused the student's attention by giving background know ledge related to the topic. He also told them the purpose of reading, so they already had an idea before they read the text. Those two techniques were in line with the pre-reading techniques proposed by Robinson (1977). In whilst reading stage, the teacher explained the text clearly. First, he asked the students to read silently. Then he asked some students to read the text loudly. One student read one paragraph. After that, he corrected their pronunciation. Next, he explained the text in Bahasa Indonesia. He could not use English as a medium of instruction because they did not understand if the teacher spoke English consequently. He used translation method. Unluckily, he did not help the students to anticipate the questions.

As the result, they got difficulty to answer the questions in the text. In post reading stage, the teacher evaluated the student's comprehension by asking some questions. In fact, they could not answer the questions. It was because they were too busy translating every word in the text so that they did not focus to the questions. Concerning the problems, there were two problems are found in the teaching learning process of reading. The first problem, the teacher could not use English as a medium of instruction. Finally, we should note that the teacher needs to improve his skills. For example, he should use an appropriated strategy in teaching reading. The strategy can be scanning, skimming and concept mapping. Those are needed to help the students to be affective readers and get understanding better.

writer and researcher: Fathonah, Nihayatun

years of research: 2006

native title:

The Teaching of Reading at SLTP Negeri 2 Ngimbang Lamongan

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Analysis of Main Character’s Love in Shakespeare’s Love’s Labour’s Lost

Abstract thesis:  The Analysis of Main Character’s Love in Shakespeare’s Love’s Labour’s Lost

Drama is work of literature either to read or to see in a theatrical performance. Besides we can get a lot of valuable things moral teaching from drama as it deals with problems of life, it nourishes us with a sense of the complexity of life’s deepest mysteries like love, hate, death, conflicts between the individual and society and so on. Love as one theme in Shakespeare’s Love’s Labour’s Lost is subjective experience. It is exceedingly difficult to define it scientifically because the emotions that accompany love are complex and far from clearly understood.

That is one of the writer reasons chooses this topic. In the play love experiences accompany some characters. Psychologists tend to define love as internal situation or process and seen as part of responses to objects which are death or life. The writer included the theory of love, factors of love and influences of love to human being. Those will solve and answer the problems of study, they are: what kinds of love do characters have? What are the factors of their love in the play? What happens to the characters after falling in love?

This study is conducted in a literary criticism. Literary criticism is a disciplined activity that attempts to describe study, analyze, justify, interpret, and evaluate literary work. Literary work is a product from the psychological and author’s mind. By psychological approach, the writer means the psychological study of the psychological types or laws of love present within Shakespeare’s Love’s Labour’s Lost.

The writer finding that the kinds of love do characters have in this drama is romantic love. In this Shakespeare’s work; love be an important things in the play and all the main characters behaviors are influenced by love. In the other words can say that love be a motivation in this work.
From this study the writer hopes this thesis can give contribution to the writer himself and to the reader. Hopefully, it will increase understanding of love which is basically difficult to describe. Furthermore the writer suggests to researchers who conduct the study in the same area to continue analyzes this play using other element and using other approach too.

writer and researcher: Ichwanudin, Mochammad

years of research: 2008

native title:

The Analysis of Main Character’s Love in Shakespeare’s Love’s Labour’s Lost

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Analysis on the Elements and Types of setting in Novel Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift

Abstract thesis:  An Analysis on the Elements and Types of setting in Novel Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift

Setting is the element of fiction that refers to where and when (place and time) a character does an action. Setting can not be separated from other elements of fiction because it has a function to make the story become life-like, concrete and clear.

In this research, the writer analyzes the types of setting and also its elements of setting that are used in the novel Gulliver’s Travels. Setting refers to time and place in which an action occurs and also to the prevailing political, moral, and social attitudes of the society in which the characters alive.

The research problems in this study are: (1) What are the elements of setting used in the novel Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift and (2) What are the types of setting are used in the novel.

This study focused on the description on the elements of setting used in the novel "Ciulliver's Travels" by Jonathan Swift and the types of setting used in the novel. The researcher hopes that this study provides a contribution toward the literature' study, especially on the elements and types of setting.

The writer also presents the related literature about setting that consist of the definition of setting, the types of setting that consist of neutral setting and spiritual setting, the elements of setting, and the function of setting so the reader can read the theory that are related with the analysis of the thesis.

The writer starts her writing by reading the theories of the setting. After reading the theories she reads and comprehending the novel as sources of data. Then after finishing reading the novel she start to analyze the setting of the novel by categorizing types of the setting and also the elements of setting used in the novel.

The results of this study are the elements and types of setting described by the author in the novel "Gulliver’s Travels". The data obtained four categories, which are accordance with the division of the story. The elements of setting are illustrated that the actual geographical are forms in twelve topographies. the scenery in the form of tallest tree. The details of room's interior is not found in the novel. The main's character activities are sailing and learning navigation, mathematics and physics. The story takes place in the eighteenth century. The seasons are summer and winter. The religion condition is not found in the novel. Moral condition is shown by the main character and his family. The intellectual condition is shown by the main character and his friend. The social condition is shown by the Lilliputians. The types of setting found in the novel, namely neutral setting. The neutral setting form in the Blefitscu and in Downs. The spiritual setting is not found in the novel.

writer and researcher: Aulia, Nur Afni

years of research: 2006

native title:

An Analysis on the Elements and Types of setting in Novel Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift

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